The execution permission for the group can also be an s. If it is present, it means that the file is executed with the privileges of the file owner, not the user executing the file. Sometimes the execution permission for the owner is represented by an s. The second set of three permissions are for group members, and the last set of three permissions is for others. The first set of three characters are the permissions for the file owner. If the permission is not granted, a hyphen - is shown. If the permission is granted, there will be an r, w, or x present. Each group of three represent the read, write, and execute permissions, in that order. The next nine characters are three groups of three characters displayed contiguously. The very first character represents the file type. The first set of ten letters and dashes are the file type and the owner, group and other file permissions. Then each file or directory is displayed on a line by itself. The first thing ls displays is the total size of all the files in the listing. To list any files or directories that have names starting with “ip_” use this format: ls ip_* The question mark “ ?” will represent any single character and the asterisk “ *” will represent any string of characters. To selectively list a set of files, use pattern matching. It prints the name of each directory as it processes them: When ls has listed the contents of the first directory it lists the contents of the second. Here, we’re asking ls to list the files in two directories, one called “Help” and the other called “gc_help.” ls Help gc_help You can also pass more than one directory to ls, and have them listed one after the other.
To have ls list the files in a directory other than the current directory, pass the path to the directory to ls on the command line. We’ll discuss that weird-looking filename at the top of the listing in a minute. If you want to have your listing produced ina single column, use the -1 (one file per line) option: ls -1
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